MK40 3NR, Bedford has recorded a total of 134 crimes in the recent period of September 2024, equating to a crime rate of 35.56 per 1,000 population. This MK40 3NR crime rate stands in contrast to the broader MK40 postcode area, which has experienced 490 crimes and a crime rate of 12.16 per 1,000 population (September 2024 stats).
It's important to note that this MK40 3NR crime data is based on a circular area with a 500-meter radius around MK40 3NR, encompassing approximately 3768 residents.
For the location information and nearby amenities in the MK40 3NR area, explore the MK40 3NR Area information page.
To explore detailed house prices and statistics in the MK40 3NR area, visit the MK40 3NR House Prices
The most prevalent crimes in the area during Sep were:
The surrounding areas of below locations have emerged as crime hotspots,
In September 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 43 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 33 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 43 | 35.56 | -12.24% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 33 | 11.41 | 43.48% |
| Other theft | 11 | 8.76 | 22.22% |
| Public order | 11 | 2.92 | -26.67% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 8 | 2.92 | -42.86% |
| Drugs | 8 | 2.12 | 60.00% |
| Burglary | 5 | 2.12 | -70.59% |
| Bicycle theft | 5 | 1.33 | -16.67% |
| Robbery | 4 | 1.33 | 300.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 3 | 1.06 | -50.00% |
| Shoplifting | 2 | 0.80 | -81.82% |
| Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
In August 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 49 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 23 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 49 | 42.46 | 8.89% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 23 | 13.00 | -11.54% |
| Burglary | 17 | 6.10 | 41.67% |
| Public order | 15 | 4.51 | 87.50% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 14 | 3.98 | 133.33% |
| Shoplifting | 11 | 3.71 | 120.00% |
| Other theft | 9 | 2.92 | -25.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 6 | 2.39 | -33.33% |
| Bicycle theft | 6 | 1.59 | 100.00% |
| Drugs | 5 | 1.59 | 25.00% |
| Theft from the person | 2 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.53 | -66.67% |
| Other crime | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
In July 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 45 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 26 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 45 | 35.56 | -4.26% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 26 | 11.94 | -16.13% |
| Other theft | 12 | 6.90 | 20.00% |
| Burglary | 12 | 3.18 | -7.69% |
| Vehicle crime | 9 | 3.18 | 200.00% |
| Public order | 8 | 2.39 | -11.11% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 6 | 2.12 | 20.00% |
| Shoplifting | 5 | 1.59 | 66.67% |
| Drugs | 4 | 1.33 | -20.00% |
| Robbery | 3 | 1.06 | 200.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 3 | 0.80 | -62.50% |
| Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.80 | -50.00% |
In June 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 47 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 31 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 47 | 37.42 | 20.51% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 31 | 12.47 | -8.82% |
| Burglary | 13 | 8.23 | 160.00% |
| Other theft | 10 | 3.45 | 11.11% |
| Public order | 9 | 2.65 | -47.06% |
| Bicycle theft | 8 | 2.39 | 33.33% |
| Drugs | 5 | 2.12 | -44.44% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 5 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Shoplifting | 3 | 1.33 | -50.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 3 | 0.80 | -62.50% |
| Theft from the person | 3 | 0.80 | 200.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
| Other crime | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
In May 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 39 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 34 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 39 | 37.68 | 8.33% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 34 | 10.35 | 41.67% |
| Public order | 17 | 9.02 | 30.77% |
| Drugs | 9 | 4.51 | 28.57% |
| Other theft | 9 | 2.39 | 125.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 8 | 2.39 | 0.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 6 | 2.12 | -14.29% |
| Shoplifting | 6 | 1.59 | 100.00% |
| Burglary | 5 | 1.59 | 0.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 5 | 1.33 | 25.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 2 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Theft from the person | 1 | 0.53 | -75.00% |
| Other crime | 1 | 0.27 | -66.67% |
In April 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 36 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 24 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 36 | 31.31 | -12.20% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 24 | 9.55 | 14.29% |
| Public order | 13 | 6.37 | 30.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 8 | 3.45 | -20.00% |
| Drugs | 7 | 2.12 | 0.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 7 | 1.86 | 133.33% |
| Burglary | 5 | 1.86 | -37.50% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 4 | 1.33 | -50.00% |
| Other theft | 4 | 1.06 | 33.33% |
| Theft from the person | 4 | 1.06 | 33.33% |
| Shoplifting | 3 | 1.06 | -50.00% |
| Other crime | 3 | 0.80 | 200.00% |
In March 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 41 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 21 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 41 | 34.23 | 2.50% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 21 | 10.88 | -12.50% |
| Public order | 10 | 5.57 | 25.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 10 | 2.65 | 0.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 8 | 2.65 | 0.00% |
| Burglary | 8 | 2.12 | 0.00% |
| Drugs | 7 | 2.12 | 40.00% |
| Shoplifting | 6 | 1.86 | -53.85% |
| Robbery | 4 | 1.59 | 300.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 4 | 1.06 | 33.33% |
| Bicycle theft | 3 | 1.06 | 50.00% |
| Other theft | 3 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Theft from the person | 3 | 0.80 | 50.00% |
| Other crime | 1 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
In February 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 40 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 24 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 40 | 33.70 | 2.56% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 24 | 10.61 | 14.29% |
| Shoplifting | 13 | 6.37 | 160.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 10 | 3.45 | 100.00% |
| Public order | 8 | 2.65 | -27.27% |
| Burglary | 8 | 2.12 | 60.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 8 | 2.12 | 0.00% |
| Drugs | 5 | 2.12 | 66.67% |
| Other theft | 3 | 1.33 | -66.67% |
| Possession of weapons | 3 | 0.80 | 200.00% |
| Theft from the person | 2 | 0.80 | 100.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 2 | 0.53 | -66.67% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
In January 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 39 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 21 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 39 | 30.25 | -11.36% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 21 | 10.35 | 61.54% |
| Public order | 11 | 5.57 | 57.14% |
| Other theft | 9 | 2.92 | 80.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 8 | 2.39 | 60.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 6 | 2.12 | 200.00% |
| Shoplifting | 5 | 1.59 | -58.33% |
| Burglary | 5 | 1.33 | 150.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.33 | -16.67% |
| Drugs | 3 | 1.33 | -66.67% |
| Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Theft from the person | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
In December 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 44 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 13 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 44 | 28.92 | 0.00% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 13 | 11.68 | -43.48% |
| Shoplifting | 12 | 3.45 | 50.00% |
| Drugs | 9 | 3.18 | 80.00% |
| Public order | 7 | 2.39 | -12.50% |
| Vehicle crime | 6 | 1.86 | -53.85% |
| Other theft | 5 | 1.59 | -50.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 5 | 1.33 | -44.44% |
| Bicycle theft | 2 | 1.33 | 100.00% |
| Robbery | 2 | 0.53 | 100.00% |
| Burglary | 2 | 0.53 | -50.00% |
| Theft from the person | 1 | 0.53 | -80.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.27 | -66.67% |
In November 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 44 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 23 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Violence and sexual offences | 44 | 36.09 | 10.00% |
| Anti-social behaviour | 23 | 11.68 | -42.50% |
| Vehicle crime | 13 | 6.10 | 160.00% |
| Other theft | 10 | 3.45 | 25.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 9 | 2.65 | 12.50% |
| Public order | 8 | 2.39 | -46.67% |
| Shoplifting | 8 | 2.12 | 60.00% |
| Theft from the person | 5 | 2.12 | 0.00% |
| Drugs | 5 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Burglary | 4 | 1.33 | 100.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 3 | 1.06 | 50.00% |
| Other crime | 2 | 0.80 | -33.33% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 1 | 0.27 | -83.33% |
In October 2023, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 40 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 40 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-social behaviour | 40 | 38.48 | -6.98% |
| Violence and sexual offences | 40 | 10.61 | 17.65% |
| Public order | 15 | 10.61 | 150.00% |
| Other theft | 8 | 3.98 | 14.29% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 8 | 2.12 | 60.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 6 | 2.12 | 100.00% |
| Shoplifting | 5 | 1.59 | -16.67% |
| Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.33 | 66.67% |
| Drugs | 5 | 1.33 | -16.67% |
| Theft from the person | 5 | 1.33 | 400.00% |
| Other crime | 3 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Burglary | 2 | 0.53 | 100.00% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
In September 2023, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 43 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 34 incidents.
| Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-social behaviour | 43 | 31.31 | 0.00% |
| Violence and sexual offences | 34 | 11.41 | 0.00% |
| Other theft | 7 | 9.02 | 0.00% |
| Shoplifting | 6 | 1.86 | 0.00% |
| Drugs | 6 | 1.59 | 0.00% |
| Public order | 6 | 1.59 | 0.00% |
| Criminal damage and arson | 5 | 1.59 | 0.00% |
| Vehicle crime | 3 | 1.33 | 0.00% |
| Bicycle theft | 3 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.80 | 0.00% |
| Theft from the person | 1 | 0.53 | 0.00% |
| Burglary | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
| Robbery | 1 | 0.27 | 0.00% |
A total of 356 Anti-social behaviour incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 27.38 incidents per month. September 2023 saw the highest number of Anti-social behaviour incidents with 43 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 33 |
| August 2024 | 23 |
| July 2024 | 26 |
| June 2024 | 31 |
| May 2024 | 34 |
| April 2024 | 24 |
| March 2024 | 21 |
| February 2024 | 24 |
| January 2024 | 21 |
| December 2023 | 13 |
| November 2023 | 23 |
| October 2023 | 40 |
| September 2023 | 43 |
A total of 87 Burglary incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 6.69 incidents per month. August 2024 saw the highest number of Burglary incidents with 17 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 5 |
| August 2024 | 17 |
| July 2024 | 12 |
| June 2024 | 13 |
| May 2024 | 5 |
| April 2024 | 5 |
| March 2024 | 8 |
| February 2024 | 8 |
| January 2024 | 5 |
| December 2023 | 2 |
| November 2023 | 4 |
| October 2023 | 2 |
| September 2023 | 1 |
A total of 93 Criminal damage and arson incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 7.15 incidents per month. August 2024 saw the highest number of Criminal damage and arson incidents with 14 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 8 |
| August 2024 | 14 |
| July 2024 | 6 |
| June 2024 | 5 |
| May 2024 | 5 |
| April 2024 | 4 |
| March 2024 | 8 |
| February 2024 | 8 |
| January 2024 | 8 |
| December 2023 | 5 |
| November 2023 | 9 |
| October 2023 | 8 |
| September 2023 | 5 |
A total of 100 Other theft incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 7.69 incidents per month. July 2024 saw the highest number of Other theft incidents with 12 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 11 |
| August 2024 | 9 |
| July 2024 | 12 |
| June 2024 | 10 |
| May 2024 | 9 |
| April 2024 | 4 |
| March 2024 | 3 |
| February 2024 | 3 |
| January 2024 | 9 |
| December 2023 | 5 |
| November 2023 | 10 |
| October 2023 | 8 |
| September 2023 | 7 |
A total of 85 Shoplifting incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 6.54 incidents per month. February 2024 saw the highest number of Shoplifting incidents with 13 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 2 |
| August 2024 | 11 |
| July 2024 | 5 |
| June 2024 | 3 |
| May 2024 | 6 |
| April 2024 | 3 |
| March 2024 | 6 |
| February 2024 | 13 |
| January 2024 | 5 |
| December 2023 | 12 |
| November 2023 | 8 |
| October 2023 | 5 |
| September 2023 | 6 |
A total of 78 Drugs incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 6.00 incidents per month. May 2024 saw the highest number of Drugs incidents with 9 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 8 |
| August 2024 | 5 |
| July 2024 | 4 |
| June 2024 | 5 |
| May 2024 | 9 |
| April 2024 | 7 |
| March 2024 | 7 |
| February 2024 | 5 |
| January 2024 | 3 |
| December 2023 | 9 |
| November 2023 | 5 |
| October 2023 | 5 |
| September 2023 | 6 |
A total of 138 Public order incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 10.62 incidents per month. May 2024 saw the highest number of Public order incidents with 17 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 11 |
| August 2024 | 15 |
| July 2024 | 8 |
| June 2024 | 9 |
| May 2024 | 17 |
| April 2024 | 13 |
| March 2024 | 10 |
| February 2024 | 8 |
| January 2024 | 11 |
| December 2023 | 7 |
| November 2023 | 8 |
| October 2023 | 15 |
| September 2023 | 6 |
A total of 541 Violence and sexual offences incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 41.62 incidents per month. August 2024 saw the highest number of Violence and sexual offences incidents with 49 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 43 |
| August 2024 | 49 |
| July 2024 | 45 |
| June 2024 | 47 |
| May 2024 | 39 |
| April 2024 | 36 |
| March 2024 | 41 |
| February 2024 | 40 |
| January 2024 | 39 |
| December 2023 | 44 |
| November 2023 | 44 |
| October 2023 | 40 |
| September 2023 | 34 |
A total of 19 Robbery incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 1.90 incidents per month. September 2024 saw the highest number of Robbery incidents with 4 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 4 |
| August 2024 | 1 |
| July 2024 | 3 |
| June 2024 | 1 |
| March 2024 | 4 |
| February 2024 | 1 |
| December 2023 | 2 |
| November 2023 | 1 |
| October 2023 | 1 |
| September 2023 | 1 |
A total of 89 Vehicle crime incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 6.85 incidents per month. November 2023 saw the highest number of Vehicle crime incidents with 13 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 3 |
| August 2024 | 6 |
| July 2024 | 9 |
| June 2024 | 3 |
| May 2024 | 8 |
| April 2024 | 8 |
| March 2024 | 10 |
| February 2024 | 10 |
| January 2024 | 5 |
| December 2023 | 6 |
| November 2023 | 13 |
| October 2023 | 5 |
| September 2023 | 3 |
A total of 58 Bicycle theft incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 4.46 incidents per month. June 2024 saw the highest number of Bicycle theft incidents with 8 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 5 |
| August 2024 | 6 |
| July 2024 | 3 |
| June 2024 | 8 |
| May 2024 | 6 |
| April 2024 | 7 |
| March 2024 | 3 |
| February 2024 | 2 |
| January 2024 | 6 |
| December 2023 | 2 |
| November 2023 | 1 |
| October 2023 | 6 |
| September 2023 | 3 |
A total of 23 Possession of weapons incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 1.92 incidents per month. March 2024 saw the highest number of Possession of weapons incidents with 4 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| September 2024 | 1 |
| August 2024 | 1 |
| July 2024 | 1 |
| June 2024 | 2 |
| May 2024 | 2 |
| March 2024 | 4 |
| February 2024 | 3 |
| January 2024 | 1 |
| December 2023 | 1 |
| November 2023 | 3 |
| October 2023 | 2 |
| September 2023 | 2 |
A total of 28 Theft from the person incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 2.55 incidents per month. November 2023 saw the highest number of Theft from the person incidents with 5 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| August 2024 | 2 |
| June 2024 | 3 |
| May 2024 | 1 |
| April 2024 | 4 |
| March 2024 | 3 |
| February 2024 | 2 |
| January 2024 | 1 |
| December 2023 | 1 |
| November 2023 | 5 |
| October 2023 | 5 |
| September 2023 | 1 |
A total of 12 Other crime incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 1.71 incidents per month. April 2024 saw the highest number of Other crime incidents with 3 reported cases.
| Month | Count |
|---|---|
| August 2024 | 1 |
| June 2024 | 1 |
| May 2024 | 1 |
| April 2024 | 3 |
| March 2024 | 1 |
| November 2023 | 2 |
| October 2023 | 3 |
A detailed breakdown of crime incidents by location within the MK40 3NR postcode area is presented below.
| Total | 25 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 9 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
| Public order | 4 |
| Drugs | 3 |
| Bicycle theft | 2 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Total | 15 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 5 |
| Other theft | 2 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Total | 11 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 7 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
| Drugs | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Total | 11 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Burglary | 1 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Drugs | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Vehicle crime | 1 |
| Total | 10 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 4 |
| Robbery | 2 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 9 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 4 |
| Shoplifting | 2 |
| Burglary | 1 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Total | 8 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
| Other theft | 2 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Total | 7 |
| Burglary | 2 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Drugs | 1 |
| Vehicle crime | 1 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Total | 7 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 4 |
| Drugs | 1 |
| Robbery | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 4 |
| Burglary | 1 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Drugs | 1 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Total | 3 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
| Possession of weapons | 1 |
| Total | 3 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Total | 3 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
| Total | 3 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
| Public order | 1 |
| Total | 2 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 2 |
| Criminal damage and arson | 2 |
| Total | 2 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 2 |
| Bicycle theft | 1 |
| Vehicle crime | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Other theft | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Robbery | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
| Total | 1 |
| Anti-social behaviour | 1 |