CHARLOTTE MEWS, NE1 4XH, Newcastle upon Tyne has recorded a total of 396 crimes in the recent period of September 2024, equating to a crime rate of 118.94 per 1,000 population. This NE1 4XH crime rate stands in contrast to the broader NE1 postcode area, which has experienced 744 crimes and a crime rate of 60.76 per 1,000 population (September 2024 stats).
It's important to note that this NE1 4XH crime data is based on a circular area with a 500-meter radius around NE1 4XH, encompassing approximately 3329 residents.
For the location information and nearby amenities in the NE1 4XH area, explore the NE1 4XH Area information page.
To explore detailed house prices and statistics in the NE1 4XH area, visit the NE1 4XH House Prices
The most prevalent crimes in the area during Sep were:
The surrounding areas of below locations have emerged as crime hotspots,
In September 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 143 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 85 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 143 | 118.94 | -13.86% |
Anti-social behaviour | 85 | 42.95 | -39.29% |
Public order | 32 | 25.53 | 33.33% |
Shoplifting | 30 | 9.61 | 0.00% |
Other theft | 27 | 9.01 | -6.90% |
Drugs | 22 | 8.11 | 15.79% |
Theft from the person | 16 | 6.61 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 14 | 4.81 | -36.36% |
Bicycle theft | 7 | 4.21 | 40.00% |
Burglary | 7 | 2.10 | -41.67% |
Vehicle crime | 4 | 2.10 | -42.86% |
Possession of weapons | 4 | 1.20 | -20.00% |
Robbery | 3 | 1.20 | -76.92% |
Other crime | 2 | 0.90 | 0.00% |
In August 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 166 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 140 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 166 | 147.18 | 0.61% |
Anti-social behaviour | 140 | 49.86 | 4.48% |
Shoplifting | 30 | 42.05 | -21.05% |
Other theft | 29 | 9.01 | -17.14% |
Public order | 24 | 8.71 | -22.58% |
Criminal damage and arson | 22 | 7.21 | 10.00% |
Drugs | 19 | 6.61 | -20.83% |
Theft from the person | 16 | 5.71 | -38.46% |
Robbery | 13 | 4.81 | 550.00% |
Burglary | 12 | 3.90 | 50.00% |
Vehicle crime | 7 | 3.60 | 40.00% |
Bicycle theft | 5 | 2.10 | -16.67% |
Possession of weapons | 5 | 1.50 | -16.67% |
Other crime | 2 | 1.50 | -33.33% |
In July 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 165 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 134 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 165 | 151.08 | 20.44% |
Anti-social behaviour | 134 | 49.56 | 10.74% |
Shoplifting | 38 | 40.25 | -22.45% |
Other theft | 35 | 11.41 | 25.00% |
Public order | 31 | 10.51 | -13.89% |
Theft from the person | 26 | 9.31 | -10.34% |
Drugs | 24 | 7.81 | 14.29% |
Criminal damage and arson | 20 | 7.21 | 17.65% |
Burglary | 8 | 6.01 | -27.27% |
Possession of weapons | 6 | 2.40 | 20.00% |
Bicycle theft | 6 | 1.80 | -25.00% |
Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.80 | 400.00% |
Other crime | 3 | 1.50 | -40.00% |
Robbery | 2 | 0.90 | -80.00% |
In June 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 137 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 121 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 137 | 143.57 | -31.50% |
Anti-social behaviour | 121 | 41.15 | -12.32% |
Shoplifting | 49 | 36.34 | -2.00% |
Public order | 36 | 14.72 | -7.69% |
Theft from the person | 29 | 10.81 | 26.09% |
Other theft | 28 | 8.71 | -22.22% |
Drugs | 21 | 8.41 | 75.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 17 | 6.31 | 6.25% |
Burglary | 11 | 5.11 | 10.00% |
Robbery | 10 | 3.30 | -28.57% |
Bicycle theft | 8 | 3.00 | -11.11% |
Other crime | 5 | 2.40 | 66.67% |
Possession of weapons | 5 | 1.50 | 66.67% |
Vehicle crime | 1 | 1.50 | -90.00% |
In May 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 200 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 138 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 200 | 169.10 | 21.21% |
Anti-social behaviour | 138 | 60.07 | 0.00% |
Shoplifting | 50 | 41.45 | 42.86% |
Public order | 39 | 15.02 | 2.63% |
Other theft | 36 | 11.71 | -7.69% |
Theft from the person | 23 | 10.81 | 155.56% |
Criminal damage and arson | 16 | 6.91 | -15.79% |
Robbery | 14 | 4.81 | 40.00% |
Drugs | 12 | 4.21 | -45.45% |
Burglary | 10 | 3.60 | 25.00% |
Vehicle crime | 10 | 3.00 | 233.33% |
Bicycle theft | 9 | 3.00 | 80.00% |
Other crime | 3 | 2.70 | -25.00% |
Possession of weapons | 3 | 0.90 | -66.67% |
In April 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 165 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 138 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 165 | 151.38 | -9.84% |
Anti-social behaviour | 138 | 49.56 | 2.22% |
Other theft | 39 | 41.45 | 5.41% |
Public order | 38 | 11.71 | 5.56% |
Shoplifting | 35 | 11.41 | -37.50% |
Drugs | 22 | 10.51 | 4.76% |
Criminal damage and arson | 19 | 6.61 | -26.92% |
Robbery | 10 | 5.71 | 100.00% |
Possession of weapons | 9 | 3.00 | 200.00% |
Theft from the person | 9 | 2.70 | -57.14% |
Burglary | 8 | 2.70 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 5 | 2.40 | 66.67% |
Other crime | 4 | 1.50 | -33.33% |
Vehicle crime | 3 | 1.20 | 50.00% |
In March 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 183 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 135 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 183 | 162.80 | 8.93% |
Anti-social behaviour | 135 | 54.97 | -2.88% |
Shoplifting | 56 | 40.55 | -8.20% |
Other theft | 37 | 16.82 | -9.76% |
Public order | 36 | 11.11 | -5.26% |
Criminal damage and arson | 26 | 10.81 | 52.94% |
Drugs | 21 | 7.81 | -4.55% |
Theft from the person | 21 | 6.31 | 50.00% |
Burglary | 8 | 6.31 | -55.56% |
Other crime | 6 | 2.40 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 5 | 1.80 | -37.50% |
Bicycle theft | 3 | 1.50 | -40.00% |
Possession of weapons | 3 | 0.90 | -25.00% |
Vehicle crime | 2 | 0.90 | -50.00% |
In February 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 168 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 139 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 168 | 161.90 | 6.33% |
Anti-social behaviour | 139 | 50.46 | -7.33% |
Shoplifting | 61 | 41.75 | 7.02% |
Other theft | 41 | 18.32 | 24.24% |
Public order | 38 | 12.31 | 31.03% |
Drugs | 22 | 11.41 | -18.52% |
Burglary | 18 | 6.61 | 200.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 17 | 5.41 | -19.05% |
Theft from the person | 14 | 5.11 | -53.33% |
Robbery | 8 | 4.21 | 166.67% |
Bicycle theft | 5 | 2.40 | -37.50% |
Possession of weapons | 4 | 1.50 | -20.00% |
Vehicle crime | 4 | 1.20 | -20.00% |
In January 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 158 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 150 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 158 | 160.09 | -28.83% |
Anti-social behaviour | 150 | 47.46 | -4.46% |
Shoplifting | 57 | 45.05 | 58.33% |
Other theft | 33 | 17.12 | -32.65% |
Theft from the person | 30 | 9.91 | 25.00% |
Public order | 29 | 9.01 | -21.62% |
Drugs | 27 | 8.71 | 35.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 21 | 8.11 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 8 | 6.31 | 0.00% |
Burglary | 6 | 2.40 | -45.45% |
Possession of weapons | 5 | 1.80 | 25.00% |
Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.50 | 25.00% |
Robbery | 3 | 1.50 | -62.50% |
Other crime | 1 | 0.90 | -66.67% |
In December 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 222 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 157 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 222 | 181.42 | 20.65% |
Anti-social behaviour | 157 | 66.68 | 2.61% |
Other theft | 49 | 47.16 | -12.50% |
Public order | 37 | 14.72 | 15.62% |
Shoplifting | 36 | 11.11 | -10.00% |
Theft from the person | 24 | 10.81 | 9.09% |
Criminal damage and arson | 21 | 7.21 | -4.55% |
Drugs | 20 | 6.31 | -16.67% |
Burglary | 11 | 6.01 | 83.33% |
Bicycle theft | 8 | 3.30 | 33.33% |
Robbery | 8 | 2.40 | -11.11% |
Vehicle crime | 4 | 2.40 | -20.00% |
Possession of weapons | 4 | 1.20 | -60.00% |
Other crime | 3 | 1.20 | 200.00% |
In November 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 184 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 153 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 184 | 171.21 | -8.46% |
Anti-social behaviour | 153 | 55.27 | 27.50% |
Other theft | 56 | 45.96 | 36.59% |
Shoplifting | 40 | 16.82 | 25.00% |
Public order | 32 | 12.01 | -3.03% |
Drugs | 24 | 9.61 | 14.29% |
Criminal damage and arson | 22 | 7.21 | 10.00% |
Theft from the person | 22 | 6.61 | -46.34% |
Possession of weapons | 10 | 6.61 | 42.86% |
Robbery | 9 | 3.00 | -10.00% |
Bicycle theft | 6 | 2.70 | -57.14% |
Burglary | 6 | 1.80 | -40.00% |
Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.80 | 0.00% |
Other crime | 1 | 1.50 | 0.00% |
In October 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 201 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 120 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 201 | 166.70 | 0.00% |
Anti-social behaviour | 120 | 60.37 | 0.00% |
Other theft | 41 | 36.04 | 0.00% |
Theft from the person | 41 | 12.31 | 0.00% |
Public order | 33 | 12.31 | 0.00% |
Shoplifting | 32 | 9.91 | 0.00% |
Drugs | 21 | 9.61 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 20 | 6.31 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 14 | 6.01 | 0.00% |
Burglary | 10 | 4.21 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 10 | 3.00 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 7 | 3.00 | 0.00% |
Vehicle crime | 5 | 2.10 | 0.00% |
A total of 55 Vehicle crime incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 4.58 incidents per month. May 2024 saw the highest number of Vehicle crime incidents with 10 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 4 |
August 2024 | 7 |
July 2024 | 5 |
June 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 5 |
December 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 5 |
October 2023 | 5 |
A total of 1610 Anti-social behaviour incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 134.17 incidents per month. December 2023 saw the highest number of Anti-social behaviour incidents with 157 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 85 |
August 2024 | 140 |
July 2024 | 134 |
June 2024 | 121 |
May 2024 | 138 |
April 2024 | 138 |
March 2024 | 135 |
February 2024 | 139 |
January 2024 | 150 |
December 2023 | 157 |
November 2023 | 153 |
October 2023 | 120 |
A total of 84 Bicycle theft incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 7.00 incidents per month. October 2023 saw the highest number of Bicycle theft incidents with 14 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 7 |
August 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 8 |
May 2024 | 9 |
April 2024 | 5 |
March 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 8 |
December 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 14 |
A total of 514 Shoplifting incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 42.83 incidents per month. February 2024 saw the highest number of Shoplifting incidents with 61 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 30 |
August 2024 | 30 |
July 2024 | 38 |
June 2024 | 49 |
May 2024 | 50 |
April 2024 | 35 |
March 2024 | 56 |
February 2024 | 61 |
January 2024 | 57 |
December 2023 | 36 |
November 2023 | 40 |
October 2023 | 32 |
A total of 2092 Violence and sexual offences incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 174.33 incidents per month. December 2023 saw the highest number of Violence and sexual offences incidents with 222 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 143 |
August 2024 | 166 |
July 2024 | 165 |
June 2024 | 137 |
May 2024 | 200 |
April 2024 | 165 |
March 2024 | 183 |
February 2024 | 168 |
January 2024 | 158 |
December 2023 | 222 |
November 2023 | 184 |
October 2023 | 201 |
A total of 235 Criminal damage and arson incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 19.58 incidents per month. March 2024 saw the highest number of Criminal damage and arson incidents with 26 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 14 |
August 2024 | 22 |
July 2024 | 20 |
June 2024 | 17 |
May 2024 | 16 |
April 2024 | 19 |
March 2024 | 26 |
February 2024 | 17 |
January 2024 | 21 |
December 2023 | 21 |
November 2023 | 22 |
October 2023 | 20 |
A total of 451 Other theft incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 37.58 incidents per month. November 2023 saw the highest number of Other theft incidents with 56 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 27 |
August 2024 | 29 |
July 2024 | 35 |
June 2024 | 28 |
May 2024 | 36 |
April 2024 | 39 |
March 2024 | 37 |
February 2024 | 41 |
January 2024 | 33 |
December 2023 | 49 |
November 2023 | 56 |
October 2023 | 41 |
A total of 405 Public order incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 33.75 incidents per month. May 2024 saw the highest number of Public order incidents with 39 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 32 |
August 2024 | 24 |
July 2024 | 31 |
June 2024 | 36 |
May 2024 | 39 |
April 2024 | 38 |
March 2024 | 36 |
February 2024 | 38 |
January 2024 | 29 |
December 2023 | 37 |
November 2023 | 32 |
October 2023 | 33 |
A total of 255 Drugs incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 21.25 incidents per month. January 2024 saw the highest number of Drugs incidents with 27 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 22 |
August 2024 | 19 |
July 2024 | 24 |
June 2024 | 21 |
May 2024 | 12 |
April 2024 | 22 |
March 2024 | 21 |
February 2024 | 22 |
January 2024 | 27 |
December 2023 | 20 |
November 2023 | 24 |
October 2023 | 21 |
A total of 30 Other crime incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 3.00 incidents per month. March 2024 saw the highest number of Other crime incidents with 6 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 2 |
August 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 3 |
June 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 4 |
March 2024 | 6 |
January 2024 | 1 |
December 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 1 |
A total of 115 Burglary incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 9.58 incidents per month. February 2024 saw the highest number of Burglary incidents with 18 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 7 |
August 2024 | 12 |
July 2024 | 8 |
June 2024 | 11 |
May 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 8 |
February 2024 | 18 |
January 2024 | 6 |
December 2023 | 11 |
November 2023 | 6 |
October 2023 | 10 |
A total of 271 Theft from the person incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 22.58 incidents per month. October 2023 saw the highest number of Theft from the person incidents with 41 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 16 |
August 2024 | 16 |
July 2024 | 26 |
June 2024 | 29 |
May 2024 | 23 |
April 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 21 |
February 2024 | 14 |
January 2024 | 30 |
December 2023 | 24 |
November 2023 | 22 |
October 2023 | 41 |
A total of 65 Possession of weapons incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 5.42 incidents per month. November 2023 saw the highest number of Possession of weapons incidents with 10 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 4 |
August 2024 | 5 |
July 2024 | 6 |
June 2024 | 5 |
May 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 9 |
March 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 4 |
January 2024 | 5 |
December 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 7 |
A total of 95 Robbery incidents were recorded over 12 month period, averaging 7.92 incidents per month. May 2024 saw the highest number of Robbery incidents with 14 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 3 |
August 2024 | 13 |
July 2024 | 2 |
June 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 14 |
April 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 3 |
December 2023 | 8 |
November 2023 | 9 |
October 2023 | 10 |
A detailed breakdown of crime incidents by location within the NE1 4XH postcode area is presented below.
Total | 75 |
Violence and sexual offences | 31 |
Anti-social behaviour | 20 |
Other theft | 6 |
Criminal damage and arson | 5 |
Theft from the person | 4 |
Drugs | 4 |
Public order | 3 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Burglary | 1 |
Total | 50 |
Violence and sexual offences | 16 |
Anti-social behaviour | 10 |
Public order | 6 |
Shoplifting | 4 |
Other theft | 4 |
Theft from the person | 3 |
Drugs | 3 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Burglary | 1 |
Robbery | 1 |
Total | 50 |
Violence and sexual offences | 13 |
Shoplifting | 12 |
Public order | 7 |
Other theft | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 3 |
Drugs | 3 |
Criminal damage and arson | 2 |
Theft from the person | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Total | 26 |
Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
Shoplifting | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 5 |
Bicycle theft | 3 |
Drugs | 2 |
Public order | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 15 |
Violence and sexual offences | 6 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Drugs | 2 |
Public order | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 11 |
Shoplifting | 4 |
Criminal damage and arson | 2 |
Public order | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 10 |
Violence and sexual offences | 7 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 9 |
Violence and sexual offences | 6 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Total | 8 |
Violence and sexual offences | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 8 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Total | 8 |
Violence and sexual offences | 5 |
Drugs | 1 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Robbery | 1 |
Total | 7 |
Shoplifting | 2 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Other crime | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 7 |
Anti-social behaviour | 4 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Drugs | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
Public order | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
Drugs | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Shoplifting | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Burglary | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Total | 5 |
Violence and sexual offences | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Burglary | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Shoplifting | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Burglary | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Drugs | 1 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Violence and sexual offences | 3 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 3 |