ST SAMPSONS SQUARE, YO1 8RL, York has recorded a total of 392 crimes in the recent period of September 2024, equating to a crime rate of 129.58 per 1,000 population. This YO1 8RL crime rate stands in contrast to the broader YO1 postcode area, which has experienced 571 crimes and a crime rate of 29.62 per 1,000 population (September 2024 stats).
It's important to note that this YO1 8RL crime data is based on a circular area with a 500-meter radius around YO1 8RL, encompassing approximately 3025 residents.
For the location information and nearby amenities in the YO1 8RL area, explore the YO1 8RL Area information page.
To explore detailed house prices and statistics in the YO1 8RL area, visit the YO1 8RL House Prices
The most prevalent crimes in the area during Sep were:
The surrounding areas of below locations have emerged as crime hotspots,
In September 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 122 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 87 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 122 | 129.58 | 0.83% |
Violence and sexual offences | 87 | 40.33 | -4.40% |
Shoplifting | 72 | 28.76 | -8.86% |
Burglary | 22 | 23.80 | 175.00% |
Bicycle theft | 18 | 7.27 | -14.29% |
Criminal damage and arson | 16 | 5.95 | -5.88% |
Other theft | 15 | 5.29 | 66.67% |
Public order | 15 | 4.96 | -16.67% |
Drugs | 8 | 4.96 | 100.00% |
Vehicle crime | 4 | 2.64 | 100.00% |
Possession of weapons | 4 | 1.32 | 300.00% |
Theft from the person | 3 | 1.32 | -25.00% |
Robbery | 3 | 0.99 | 50.00% |
Other crime | 3 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
In August 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 121 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 91 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 121 | 124.62 | 10.00% |
Violence and sexual offences | 91 | 40.00 | -10.78% |
Shoplifting | 79 | 30.08 | 9.72% |
Bicycle theft | 21 | 26.11 | -44.74% |
Public order | 18 | 6.94 | -5.26% |
Criminal damage and arson | 17 | 5.95 | 70.00% |
Other theft | 9 | 5.62 | -35.71% |
Burglary | 8 | 2.98 | -20.00% |
Theft from the person | 4 | 2.64 | 0.00% |
Drugs | 4 | 1.32 | 33.33% |
Vehicle crime | 2 | 1.32 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 2 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
In July 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 110 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 102 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 110 | 126.94 | 5.77% |
Violence and sexual offences | 102 | 36.36 | 32.47% |
Shoplifting | 72 | 33.72 | 4.35% |
Bicycle theft | 38 | 23.80 | 11.76% |
Public order | 19 | 12.56 | 18.75% |
Other theft | 14 | 6.28 | -30.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 10 | 4.63 | 0.00% |
Burglary | 10 | 3.31 | 42.86% |
Theft from the person | 4 | 3.31 | -55.56% |
Drugs | 3 | 1.32 | -50.00% |
Vehicle crime | 2 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
In June 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 104 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 77 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 104 | 117.02 | 44.44% |
Violence and sexual offences | 77 | 34.38 | 10.00% |
Shoplifting | 69 | 25.45 | 16.95% |
Bicycle theft | 34 | 22.81 | 6.25% |
Other theft | 20 | 11.24 | 33.33% |
Public order | 16 | 6.61 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 10 | 5.29 | 0.00% |
Theft from the person | 9 | 3.31 | 12.50% |
Burglary | 7 | 2.98 | 250.00% |
Drugs | 6 | 2.31 | 100.00% |
Other crime | 1 | 1.98 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.33 | -50.00% |
In May 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 72 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 70 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 72 | 97.52 | -19.10% |
Violence and sexual offences | 70 | 23.80 | -18.60% |
Shoplifting | 59 | 23.14 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 32 | 19.50 | 113.33% |
Public order | 16 | 10.58 | 0.00% |
Other theft | 15 | 5.29 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 10 | 4.96 | 0.00% |
Theft from the person | 8 | 3.31 | 0.00% |
Vehicle crime | 3 | 2.64 | -40.00% |
Robbery | 3 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
Drugs | 3 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
Burglary | 2 | 0.66 | -66.67% |
In April 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 89 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 86 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 89 | 104.46 | -14.42% |
Violence and sexual offences | 86 | 29.42 | 3.61% |
Shoplifting | 59 | 28.43 | -3.28% |
Public order | 16 | 19.50 | 14.29% |
Other theft | 15 | 5.29 | -21.05% |
Bicycle theft | 15 | 4.96 | 50.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 10 | 4.96 | -23.08% |
Theft from the person | 8 | 3.31 | 100.00% |
Burglary | 6 | 2.64 | -33.33% |
Vehicle crime | 5 | 1.98 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 3 | 1.65 | 0.00% |
Other crime | 2 | 0.99 | -50.00% |
Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.66 | 100.00% |
In March 2024, Anti-social behaviour recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 104 followed closely by Violence and sexual offences, which accounted for 83 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-social behaviour | 104 | 107.10 | 30.00% |
Violence and sexual offences | 83 | 34.38 | -8.79% |
Shoplifting | 61 | 27.44 | 5.17% |
Other theft | 19 | 20.16 | 137.50% |
Public order | 14 | 6.28 | -12.50% |
Criminal damage and arson | 13 | 4.63 | -18.75% |
Bicycle theft | 10 | 4.30 | -37.50% |
Burglary | 9 | 3.31 | 80.00% |
Theft from the person | 4 | 2.98 | 0.00% |
Other crime | 4 | 1.32 | 33.33% |
Drugs | 2 | 1.32 | -60.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
In February 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 91 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 80 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 91 | 101.15 | 40.00% |
Anti-social behaviour | 80 | 30.08 | 48.15% |
Shoplifting | 58 | 26.45 | 7.41% |
Public order | 16 | 19.17 | 6.67% |
Criminal damage and arson | 16 | 5.29 | 33.33% |
Bicycle theft | 16 | 5.29 | 60.00% |
Other theft | 8 | 5.29 | 14.29% |
Drugs | 5 | 2.64 | 400.00% |
Burglary | 5 | 1.65 | 66.67% |
Theft from the person | 4 | 1.65 | 0.00% |
Other crime | 3 | 1.32 | 0.00% |
Vehicle crime | 3 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 1 | 0.99 | 0.00% |
In January 2024, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 65 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 54 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 65 | 74.05 | -38.10% |
Anti-social behaviour | 54 | 21.49 | -20.59% |
Shoplifting | 54 | 17.85 | 5.88% |
Public order | 15 | 17.85 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 12 | 4.96 | -7.69% |
Bicycle theft | 10 | 3.97 | -16.67% |
Other theft | 7 | 3.31 | -58.82% |
Burglary | 3 | 2.31 | -25.00% |
Possession of weapons | 2 | 0.99 | 100.00% |
Robbery | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
Drugs | 1 | 0.33 | -83.33% |
In December 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 105 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 68 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 105 | 98.84 | 23.53% |
Anti-social behaviour | 68 | 34.71 | -13.92% |
Shoplifting | 51 | 22.48 | -15.00% |
Other theft | 17 | 16.86 | 30.77% |
Public order | 15 | 5.62 | -11.76% |
Criminal damage and arson | 13 | 4.96 | 8.33% |
Bicycle theft | 12 | 4.30 | -14.29% |
Drugs | 6 | 3.97 | 50.00% |
Burglary | 4 | 1.98 | -60.00% |
Theft from the person | 3 | 1.32 | -57.14% |
Vehicle crime | 2 | 0.99 | -33.33% |
Other crime | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 1 | 0.33 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.33 | -66.67% |
In November 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 85 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 79 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 85 | 101.48 | -22.02% |
Anti-social behaviour | 79 | 28.10 | 36.21% |
Shoplifting | 60 | 26.11 | 0.00% |
Public order | 17 | 19.83 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 14 | 5.62 | -46.15% |
Other theft | 13 | 4.63 | -51.85% |
Criminal damage and arson | 12 | 4.30 | -14.29% |
Burglary | 10 | 3.97 | -44.44% |
Theft from the person | 7 | 3.31 | -12.50% |
Drugs | 4 | 2.31 | -55.56% |
Vehicle crime | 3 | 1.32 | 200.00% |
Possession of weapons | 3 | 0.99 | 200.00% |
In October 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 109 followed closely by Shoplifting, which accounted for 60 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 109 | 118.01 | 13.54% |
Shoplifting | 60 | 36.03 | 20.00% |
Anti-social behaviour | 58 | 19.83 | -38.30% |
Other theft | 27 | 19.17 | 58.82% |
Bicycle theft | 26 | 8.93 | 30.00% |
Burglary | 18 | 8.59 | 125.00% |
Public order | 17 | 5.95 | -15.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 14 | 5.62 | 55.56% |
Drugs | 9 | 4.63 | -10.00% |
Theft from the person | 8 | 2.98 | -33.33% |
Other crime | 7 | 2.64 | 600.00% |
Robbery | 2 | 2.31 | -60.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
Vehicle crime | 1 | 0.33 | -50.00% |
In September 2023, Violence and sexual offences recorded the highest number of incidents, totaling 96 followed closely by Anti-social behaviour, which accounted for 94 incidents.
Crime Type | Count | Crime Rate | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Violence and sexual offences | 96 | 114.05 | 0.00% |
Anti-social behaviour | 94 | 31.73 | 0.00% |
Shoplifting | 50 | 31.07 | 0.00% |
Bicycle theft | 20 | 16.53 | 0.00% |
Public order | 20 | 6.61 | 0.00% |
Other theft | 17 | 6.61 | 0.00% |
Theft from the person | 12 | 5.62 | 0.00% |
Drugs | 10 | 3.97 | 0.00% |
Criminal damage and arson | 9 | 3.31 | 0.00% |
Burglary | 8 | 2.98 | 0.00% |
Robbery | 5 | 2.64 | 0.00% |
Vehicle crime | 2 | 1.65 | 0.00% |
Possession of weapons | 1 | 0.66 | 0.00% |
Other crime | 1 | 0.33 | 0.00% |
A total of 1155 Anti-social behaviour incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 88.85 incidents per month. September 2024 saw the highest number of Anti-social behaviour incidents with 122 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 122 |
August 2024 | 121 |
July 2024 | 110 |
June 2024 | 104 |
May 2024 | 72 |
April 2024 | 89 |
March 2024 | 104 |
February 2024 | 80 |
January 2024 | 54 |
December 2023 | 68 |
November 2023 | 79 |
October 2023 | 58 |
September 2023 | 94 |
A total of 112 Burglary incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 8.62 incidents per month. September 2024 saw the highest number of Burglary incidents with 22 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 22 |
August 2024 | 8 |
July 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 7 |
May 2024 | 2 |
April 2024 | 6 |
March 2024 | 9 |
February 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 3 |
December 2023 | 4 |
November 2023 | 10 |
October 2023 | 18 |
September 2023 | 8 |
A total of 1147 Violence and sexual offences incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 88.23 incidents per month. October 2023 saw the highest number of Violence and sexual offences incidents with 109 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 87 |
August 2024 | 91 |
July 2024 | 102 |
June 2024 | 77 |
May 2024 | 70 |
April 2024 | 86 |
March 2024 | 83 |
February 2024 | 91 |
January 2024 | 65 |
December 2023 | 105 |
November 2023 | 85 |
October 2023 | 109 |
September 2023 | 96 |
A total of 804 Shoplifting incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 61.85 incidents per month. August 2024 saw the highest number of Shoplifting incidents with 79 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 72 |
August 2024 | 79 |
July 2024 | 72 |
June 2024 | 69 |
May 2024 | 59 |
April 2024 | 59 |
March 2024 | 61 |
February 2024 | 58 |
January 2024 | 54 |
December 2023 | 51 |
November 2023 | 60 |
October 2023 | 60 |
September 2023 | 50 |
A total of 266 Bicycle theft incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 20.46 incidents per month. July 2024 saw the highest number of Bicycle theft incidents with 38 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 18 |
August 2024 | 21 |
July 2024 | 38 |
June 2024 | 34 |
May 2024 | 32 |
April 2024 | 15 |
March 2024 | 10 |
February 2024 | 16 |
January 2024 | 10 |
December 2023 | 12 |
November 2023 | 14 |
October 2023 | 26 |
September 2023 | 20 |
A total of 162 Criminal damage and arson incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 12.46 incidents per month. August 2024 saw the highest number of Criminal damage and arson incidents with 17 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 16 |
August 2024 | 17 |
July 2024 | 10 |
June 2024 | 10 |
May 2024 | 10 |
April 2024 | 10 |
March 2024 | 13 |
February 2024 | 16 |
January 2024 | 12 |
December 2023 | 13 |
November 2023 | 12 |
October 2023 | 14 |
September 2023 | 9 |
A total of 196 Other theft incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 15.08 incidents per month. October 2023 saw the highest number of Other theft incidents with 27 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 15 |
August 2024 | 9 |
July 2024 | 14 |
June 2024 | 20 |
May 2024 | 15 |
April 2024 | 15 |
March 2024 | 19 |
February 2024 | 8 |
January 2024 | 7 |
December 2023 | 17 |
November 2023 | 13 |
October 2023 | 27 |
September 2023 | 17 |
A total of 214 Public order incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 16.46 incidents per month. September 2023 saw the highest number of Public order incidents with 20 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 15 |
August 2024 | 18 |
July 2024 | 19 |
June 2024 | 16 |
May 2024 | 16 |
April 2024 | 16 |
March 2024 | 14 |
February 2024 | 16 |
January 2024 | 15 |
December 2023 | 15 |
November 2023 | 17 |
October 2023 | 17 |
September 2023 | 20 |
A total of 74 Theft from the person incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 6.17 incidents per month. September 2023 saw the highest number of Theft from the person incidents with 12 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 3 |
August 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 4 |
June 2024 | 9 |
May 2024 | 8 |
April 2024 | 8 |
March 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 4 |
December 2023 | 3 |
November 2023 | 7 |
October 2023 | 8 |
September 2023 | 12 |
A total of 21 Robbery incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 2.33 incidents per month. September 2023 saw the highest number of Robbery incidents with 5 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 3 |
August 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 3 |
February 2024 | 1 |
January 2024 | 1 |
December 2023 | 1 |
October 2023 | 2 |
September 2023 | 5 |
A total of 61 Drugs incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 5.08 incidents per month. September 2023 saw the highest number of Drugs incidents with 10 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 8 |
August 2024 | 4 |
July 2024 | 3 |
June 2024 | 6 |
May 2024 | 3 |
March 2024 | 2 |
February 2024 | 5 |
January 2024 | 1 |
December 2023 | 6 |
November 2023 | 4 |
October 2023 | 9 |
September 2023 | 10 |
A total of 22 Other crime incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 2.75 incidents per month. October 2023 saw the highest number of Other crime incidents with 7 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 3 |
June 2024 | 1 |
April 2024 | 2 |
March 2024 | 4 |
February 2024 | 3 |
December 2023 | 1 |
October 2023 | 7 |
September 2023 | 1 |
A total of 27 Vehicle crime incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 2.70 incidents per month. April 2024 saw the highest number of Vehicle crime incidents with 5 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 4 |
August 2024 | 2 |
July 2024 | 2 |
May 2024 | 3 |
April 2024 | 5 |
February 2024 | 3 |
December 2023 | 2 |
November 2023 | 3 |
October 2023 | 1 |
September 2023 | 2 |
A total of 19 Possession of weapons incidents were recorded over 13 month period, averaging 1.73 incidents per month. September 2024 saw the highest number of Possession of weapons incidents with 4 reported cases.
Month | Count |
---|---|
September 2024 | 4 |
August 2024 | 1 |
June 2024 | 1 |
May 2024 | 2 |
April 2024 | 2 |
March 2024 | 1 |
January 2024 | 2 |
December 2023 | 1 |
November 2023 | 3 |
October 2023 | 1 |
September 2023 | 1 |
A detailed breakdown of crime incidents by location within the YO1 8RL postcode area is presented below.
Total | 102 |
Violence and sexual offences | 35 |
Anti-social behaviour | 22 |
Shoplifting | 16 |
Public order | 7 |
Other theft | 5 |
Criminal damage and arson | 5 |
Bicycle theft | 3 |
Other crime | 3 |
Burglary | 2 |
Drugs | 2 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Total | 22 |
Anti-social behaviour | 11 |
Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
Criminal damage and arson | 3 |
Bicycle theft | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 21 |
Shoplifting | 15 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Total | 20 |
Shoplifting | 13 |
Public order | 3 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Robbery | 1 |
Total | 17 |
Shoplifting | 8 |
Anti-social behaviour | 4 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Total | 17 |
Shoplifting | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Criminal damage and arson | 2 |
Other theft | 2 |
Public order | 1 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Total | 15 |
Anti-social behaviour | 9 |
Shoplifting | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Possession of weapons | 1 |
Robbery | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 13 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Bicycle theft | 3 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Burglary | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Total | 13 |
Violence and sexual offences | 8 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Total | 12 |
Violence and sexual offences | 9 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Total | 10 |
Anti-social behaviour | 6 |
Violence and sexual offences | 4 |
Total | 9 |
Anti-social behaviour | 7 |
Burglary | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 9 |
Anti-social behaviour | 5 |
Burglary | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Shoplifting | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 6 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Other theft | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 3 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Total | 5 |
Drugs | 2 |
Criminal damage and arson | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Violence and sexual offences | 2 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Total | 5 |
Bicycle theft | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Drugs | 1 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Total | 5 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Vehicle crime | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Anti-social behaviour | 3 |
Bicycle theft | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Shoplifting | 2 |
Other theft | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Other theft | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Shoplifting | 3 |
Other theft | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Burglary | 3 |
Public order | 1 |
Total | 4 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Burglary | 2 |
Total | 3 |
Shoplifting | 1 |
Theft from the person | 1 |
Violence and sexual offences | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |
Robbery | 1 |
Shoplifting | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Anti-social behaviour | 2 |
Burglary | 1 |
Total | 3 |
Possession of weapons | 2 |
Anti-social behaviour | 1 |